БРЮССЕЛЬСКАЯ КОНВЕНЦИЯ
ПО ВОПРОСАМ ЮРИСДИКЦИИ И ПРИНУДИТЕЛЬНОГО
ИСПОЛНЕНИЯ СУДЕБНЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ В ОТНОШЕНИИ
ГРАЖДАНСКИХ И КОММЕРЧЕСКИХ СПОРОВ
(27 сентября 1968 года)
(Извлечение)
ГЛАВА I. СФЕРА ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ
Статья 1
Конвенция будет применяться в отношении любых торговых и
гражданских споров независимо от того, рассматривается спор судом
или трибуналом (судом специальной юрисдикции). Она не
распространяется, в частности, на налоговые, таможенные и
административные споры.
Конвенция не применяется:
1. В отношении гражданского состояния, право- и
дееспособности, а также законного представительства физических
лиц, имущественных прав, возникших из брачных отношений, завещаний
и наследства.
2. В отношении банкротства, исков, касающихся ликвидации
несостоятельных компаний или других юридических лиц, судейских
договоренностей, мировых соглашений и других аналогичных споров.
3. В отношении социального обеспечения.
4. В отношении арбитража.
ГЛАВА II. ЮРИСДИКЦИЯ
Раздел 1
ОБЩИЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
Статья 2
Согласно положениям данной Конвенции лица, домицилированные в
Договаривающемся государстве, будут независимо от их гражданства
отвечать в судах этого государства.
В отношении домицилированных лиц, не имеющих гражданства
данного государства, будут применяться правила юрисдикции,
касающиеся граждан этого государства.
Статья 3
Лица, домицилированные в Договаривающемся государстве, могут
отвечать в судах другого Договаривающегося государства только
согласно правилам, установленным в разделах 2 - 6 этой главы.
Статья 4
Если ответчик не имеет домициля в Договаривающемся
государстве, юрисдикция судов каждого Договаривающегося
государства, с оговоркой на положения статьи 16, будет
определяться законом этого государства.
Против такого ответчика любое лицо, домицилированное в
Договаривающемся государстве, независимо от гражданства, может
воспользоваться в этом государстве правилами подсудности, и в
частности теми, которые определены во втором абзаце статьи 3, в
том же порядке, что и граждане этого государства.
Раздел 2
СПЕЦИАЛЬНАЯ ЮРИСДИКЦИЯ
Статья 5
Лицо, домицилированное в Договаривающемся государстве, может
быть ответчиком в другом Договаривающееся государстве:
1. В спорах, вытекающих из договора, - в судах по месту
исполнения договора; в спорах, вытекающих из трудовых договоров, -
в судах, где работник по найму обычно выполняет свою работу, в
случае если определенного места исполнения работы не существует,
то работодатель может быть также ответчиком в судах по месту, где
он ведет или вел деятельность, в которую был вовлечен работник по
найму.
2. В спорах об алиментах - в судах по месту домициля или
обычного резидентства, лица, имеющего право на их получение или,
если спор является сопутствующим спору о гражданском состоянии
лица, - в суде, который в соответствии с собственным
(национальным) правом обладает юрисдикцией принимать к
рассмотрению такие иски, если только эта юрисдикция не
основывается исключительно на гражданстве одной из сторон.
3. В спорах, вытекающих из гражданских правоотношений,
деликтов или квазиделиктов, - в судах по месту нанесения ущерба.
4. В случае предъявления требований о возмещении вреда или
реституции, которые вытекают из уголовных дел, - в суде,
рассматривающем уголовные дела, если суд обладает юрисдикцией
рассматривать гражданские иски.
5. В спорах о филиалах, представительствах и других
учреждениях - в судах по месту нахождения этих учреждений.
6. В спорах, касающихся учредителя доверительной
собственности, доверительного собственника или бенефициара
доверительной собственности, возникшей в силу закона, письменного
документа или в силу устного волеизъявления,
засвидетельствованного в письменном виде, - в судах того
государства, в котором находится доверительная собственность.
7. В спорах о компенсационных платежах за спасение груза или
фрахта - в суде, властью которого этот груз или фрахт:
a) были арестованы, чтобы обеспечить выплату, или
b) могли быть арестованы, но была выдана гарантия или
поручительство;
данное положение применяется, только если заявлено о том, что
ответчик имеет право на груз или фрахт или имел такое право ко
времени спасания.
Статья 6
Лицо, домицилированное в Договаривающемся государстве, может
выступать ответчиком также:
1. Если он является одним из ответчиков - в судах по месту
домициля любого из них.
2. Как третья сторона в споре о поручительстве или в любом
другом споре, где он выступает в качестве третьей стороны, - в
суде, рассматривающем главный иск, если только иск не был
предъявлен исключительно с целью изъятия этого лица из-под
юрисдикции суда, который был бы компетентным в отношении него.
3. По встречному иску, возникшему из того же договора или
фактов, на которых был основан первоначальный иск, - в суде, в
котором рассматривается первоначальный иск.
4. В отношении споров, возникших из договора, если иск может
быть объединен с иском против того же ответчика в спорах
касательно вещных прав на недвижимое имущество, - в суде
Договаривающегося государства, в котором находится недвижимое
имущество.
Статья 6A
Если в силу этой Конвенции суд Договаривающегося государства
обладает юрисдикцией по искам об ответственности за использование
или эксплуатацию судна, этот суд или любой другой суд, назначенный
с этой целью внутренним правом государства, будет также иметь
юрисдикцию в отношении ограничения ответственности.
Раздел 3
ЮРИСДИКЦИЯ ПО СПОРАМ О СТРАХОВАНИИ
Статья 7
По спорам о страховании юрисдикция будет определяться этим
разделом без ущерба положениям статей 4 и 5 (5).
Статья 8
Страховщик, домицилированный в Договаривающемся государстве,
может быть ответчиком:
1. В судах того государства, где он имеет домициль.
2. В другом Договаривающемся государстве - в судах по месту,
где страхователь имеет свой домициль.
3. Если он является состраховщиком - в судах того
Договаривающегося государства, в котором был предъявлен иск
главному страховщику.
Страховщик, не имеющий домициль в Договаривающемся
государстве, но имеющий там свой филиал, представительство или
другое учреждение, подразумевается домицилированным, если речь
идет о спорах, возникших из юридических действий филиала,
представительства или другого учреждения.
Статья 9
В отношении страхования ответственности или страхования
недвижимого имущества страховщик может дополнительно быть
ответчиком в судах по месту, где произошло событие, повлекшее
причинение вреда. То же самое применяется в случае, если движимое
и недвижимое имущество застраховано одним страховым полисом и оба
пострадали вследствие одного и того же страхового случая.
Статья 10
В отношении страхования ответственности страховщик может
также, если право страны суда допускает это, быть привлеченным к
процессу, который пострадавшая сторона начала против
застрахованной.
Положения статьей 7, 8 и 9 применяются к искам, предъявленным
потерпевшей стороной прямо к страховщику, там, где такой прямой
иск разрешается.
Если право, допускающее такие прямые иски, предусматривает
привлечение к участию в гражданском процессе третьего лица против
страхователя или застрахованного, то тот же суд обладает
юрисдикцией в отношении них.
Статья 11
Без ущерба положениям третьего абзаца статьи 10 страховщик
может предъявить иск только в судах Договаривающегося государства,
в котором ответчик имеет домициль, независимо от того, является он
страхователем, застрахованной стороной или бенефициаром.
Положения этого раздела не затрагивают права вносить встречный
иск в суд, в котором в соответствии с этим разделом первоначальное
требование находится на рассмотрении.
Статья 12
Положения этого раздела могут быть изменены только специальным
соглашением о юрисдикции:
1) если оно было заключено после возникновения спора;
2) если оно позволяет страхователю, застрахованной стороне или
бенефициару приносить иски в иные суды, чем те, которые обозначены
в этом разделе;
3) если оно заключено между страхователем и страховщиком, оба
из которых ко времени заключения соглашения имели домициль или
обычное место пребывания в одном Договаривающемся государстве, и
предусматривает обращение в суд этого же государства, даже если
страховой случай должен произойти за границей, при условии, что
такое соглашение не противоречит праву этого государства;
4) если оно заключено со страхователем, не домицилированным в
Договаривающемся государстве, за исключением случаев, когда
страхование является обязательным или касается недвижимого
имущества в Договаривающемся государстве;
5) если оно касается договора страхования и охватывает один
или более рисков, указанных в статье 12A.
Статья 12A
Рисками в отношении договора страхования, на которые ссылается
пункт 5 статьи 12, являются:
1. Любая потеря или убыток:
a) связанные с опасностью коммерческого использования морских
кораблей, любых сооружений, расположенных на расстоянии от берега
или в открытом море, или самолетов;
b) в отношении товаров, находящихся в пути, кроме
пассажирского багажа, если доставка состоит из или включает
перевозку такими кораблями или самолетами.
2. Любая ответственность, кроме причинения телесных
повреждений пассажирам или утраты, порчи их багажа:
a) возникшая в связи с использованием кораблей, сооружений или
самолетов, упомянутых в пункте 1 "a", если право Договаривающегося
государства, в котором такой самолет зарегистрирован, не запрещает
соглашений о перемене подсудности относительно страхования таких
рисков;
b) за утерю или ущерб товарам в пути, в соответствии с
пунктом 1 "b".
3. Любой финансовый убыток, связанный с использованием
кораблей, сооружений или самолетов, упомянутых в пункте 1 "a", в
частности убыток, связанный с фрахтом или чартером.
4. Любой риск, связанный с каким-либо из указанных в
пунктах 1 - 3.
Раздел 4
ЮРИСДИКЦИЯ В ОТНОШЕНИИ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬСКИХ СПОРОВ
Статья 13
По спорам, касающимся договоров, заключенных лицом с целью, не
связанной с торговлей и его профессией, ниже именуемым
"потребитель", юрисдикция будет определяться этим разделом без
ущерба положениям статей 4 и 5 (5), если это:
1. Договор о продаже товаров при оплате в рассрочку.
2. Договор о предоставлении кредита, возвращаемого по частям,
или любая другая форма кредита, предназначенная для финансирования
продажи товаров.
3. Любой другой договор о поставке товаров и договор о
предоставлении услуг и:
a) в государстве домициля потребителя исполнению договора
предшествовало специальное предложение, адресованное ему, или
реклама, и
b) потребитель предпринял определенные шаги в этом
государстве, необходимые для заключения договора.
Если потребитель вступает в договор со стороной, которая не
имеет домициля в Договаривающемся государстве, но имеет там
филиал, представительство или другое учреждение, эта сторона будет
подразумеваться домицилированной в отношении споров, возникших из
операций с филиалом, представительством или другим учреждением.
Этот раздел не применяется к договорам о перевозках.
Статья 14
Потребитель может предъявить иск против другой стороны в
договоре как в стране, где эта сторона имеет домициль, так и в
судах страны своего домициля.
Другая сторона в договоре может предъявлять иски потребителю
только в суды той страны, где потребитель имеет свой домициль.
Эти положения не затрагивают право приносить встречный иск в
суд, в котором рассматривается первоначальный иск в соответствии с
этим разделом.
Статья 15
Положения этого раздела могут быть изменены только
соглашением:
1) заключенным после возникновения спора;
2) позволяющим потребителю приносить иски в суды иные, чем
указанные в этом разделе;
3) достигнутым между потребителем и другой стороной в
договоре, оба из которых ко времени исполнения договора имели
домициль или место жительства в одной стране, и предусматривающим
обращение в суд этого же государства при условии, что такое
соглашение не противоречит праву этого государства.
Раздел 5
ИСКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНАЯ ПОДСУДНОСТЬ
Статья 16
Исключительную подсудность, независимо от домициля, имеют
следующие суды:
1. a) в исках, объектом которых являются вещные права на
недвижимое имущество или владение недвижимым имуществом (на правах
аренды, найма), - суды того государства, в котором находится
имущество;
b) в исках, объектом которых является владение недвижимым
имуществом для частного пользования - сроком не более шести
последовательных месяцев, - суды государства, в котором ответчик
имеет домициль, также будут иметь юрисдикцию, при условии, что
собственник недвижимости и арендатор являются физическими лицами и
домицилированы в одном и том же государстве.
2. В исках, объектом которых является юридическая
действительность образования, ничтожность или ликвидация компаний
или других юридических лиц или объединений физических и
юридических лиц, или решения их органов - суды государства, в
котором компания, юридическое лицо или объединение расположены.
3. В исках, объектом которых является действительность
занесения в публичные регистры, - суды той страны, которая ведет
эти регистры.
4. В исках, связанных с регистрацией или действительностью
патентов, торговых марок, промышленных моделей или другими
сходными правами, которые требуют регистрации или выдачи
патента, - суды страны, в которой была подана заявка о регистрации
или патентовании, произошла регистрация или, согласно правилам
международной конвенции, подразумевается, что произошла.
5. В исках о принудительном взыскании по судебному решению -
суды той страны, в которой судебное решение было приведено в силу
или должно быть приведено.
Раздел 6
СОГЛАШЕНИЕ О ПОДСУДНОСТИ
Статья 17
Если стороны, одна или несколько из которых домицилированы в
Договаривающемся государстве, договорились о том, что суды данного
государства обладают юрисдикцией в отношении рассмотрения любых
споров, которые возникли или могут возникнуть в связи с
какими-либо определенными правоотношениями, то такие суды обладают
исключительной подсудностью.
Соглашение об установлении подсудности должно быть заключено:
a) в письменном виде или засвидетельствовано в письменном
виде,
b) в форме, которая соответствует обычаям, возникшим между
сторонами, или
c) в международной торговле - в форме, которая соответствует
общепринятой практике в этой области деятельности, о чем стороны
должны были знать или знали, и которая в такой торговле широко
применяется и регулярно соблюдается.
Если соглашение было достигнуто между сторонами, ни одна из
которых не домицилирована в Договаривающемся государстве, - суды
другого Договаривающегося государства не обладают юрисдикцией в
отношении споров между ними, при условии, что суд или суды,
выбранные сторонами, не отклонили подсудность.
Суд или суды Договаривающегося государства, которым подсудны
споры в отношении института доверительной собственности, имеют
исключительную подсудность в отношении любых исков против
учредителя доверительной собственности, доверительного
собственника или бенефициара, если отношения между этими лицами,
их правами или обязанностями возникают из института доверительной
собственности.
Соглашения и положения об институте доверительной
собственности, предоставляющие юрисдикцию, не имеют силы, если они
противоречат положениям статей 12 или 15 или если суды, чью
юрисдикцию стороны намереваются изменить, обладают исключительной
подсудностью в силу статьи 16.
Если соглашение о предоставлении подсудности было заключено
для выгоды только одной из сторон, эта сторона сохраняет за собой
право возбуждать иски в любом другом суде, который обладает
юрисдикцией в силу этой Конвенции.
В спорах по трудовым договорам соглашение о юрисдикции имеет
силу, только если оно было заключено после возникновения спора или
если работник по найму требует рассмотрения дела в суде ином, чем
тот, который предусмотрен для домициля ответчика или указан в
статье 5 (1).
Статья 18
Независимо от юрисдикции, возникшей из других положений
Конвенции, суд Договаривающегося государства, в который явился
ответчик, будет иметь юрисдикцию. Это правило не применяется
тогда, когда явка была зарегистрирована исключительно для
оспаривания юрисдикции или когда другой суд имел исключительную
подсудность в силу статьи 16.
Раздел 7
ПРОВЕРКА ПОДСУДНОСТИ И ДОПУСТИМОСТИ
СУДЕБНОГО РАЗБИРАТЕЛЬСТВА
Статья 19
Если иск возбуждается в суде Договаривающегося государства и
связан со спорами, по которым суды другого Договаривающегося
государства обладают исключительной подсудностью в силу статьи 16,
то этот суд объявляет через свои действия о том, что не обладает
юрисдикцией.
Статья 20
Если ответчик домицилирован в одном Договаривающемся
государстве, а дело рассматривается в суде другого
Договаривающегося государства, и он не явился в суд, то суд
объявляет через свои действия, что у него нет юрисдикции по
данному спору, если только юрисдикция не возникает из положений
данной Конвенции.
Суд приостанавливает производство по делу до тех пор, пока не
будет установлено, что ответчик имел возможность получить
документ, возбуждающий дело, или эквивалентный ему документ, и
пока не истек достаточный срок для того, чтобы дать ему
возможность организовать защиту, и пока все необходимые меры для
этого не будут предприняты.
Положения предыдущего абзаца будут заменены положениями
статьи 15 Гаагской конвенции от 15 ноября 1965 г. касательно
выполнения за границей судебных и внесудебных документов по
гражданским и торговым спорам, если документ, возбуждающий
производство или упоминающий о возбуждении, должен быть
переправлен за границу в соответствии с этой Конвенцией
(Гаагской).
Раздел 8
ИСКИ, НАХОДЯЩИЕСЯ НА РАССМОТРЕНИИ, И ВЗАИМОСВЯЗАННЫЕ ИСКИ
Статья 21
Если были предъявлены иски по одному и тому же основанию,
между теми же сторонами в суды разных государств, то суд, который
вторым принял дело к производству, откладывает производство по
делу до тех пор, пока не будет установлена юрисдикция суда,
который первым принял иск к рассмотрению.
Как только установлена юрисдикция суда, первым принявшего дело
к производству, любой другой суд отклоняет свою юрисдикцию в
пользу первого.
Статья 22
Если иски, находящиеся во взаимосвязи, приносятся в суды
разных государств, любой суд, кроме первого принявшего дело к
производству, откладывает рассмотрение дела, пока иски находятся
на рассмотрении в первой инстанции.
Другие суды могут по просьбе одной из сторон отказаться от
своей юрисдикции, если право того государства разрешает
объединение исков и если суд, первым принявший дело к
производству, обладает юрисдикцией в отношении обоих исков.
Для целей данной статьи иски могут подразумеваться как
взаимосвязанные (родственные), если они действительно настолько
тесно связаны, что рассмотрение их и принятие решения по ним
представляется целесообразным, чтобы избежать риска вынесения
противоречащих друг другу решений.
Статья 23
Если несколько судов обладают исключительной подсудностью,
дело рассматривает суд, первым принявший дело к производству, а
остальные отказываются в его пользу от своей юрисдикции.
Раздел 9
ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕРЫ, ВКЛЮЧАЯ ОХРАНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
Статья 24
Ходатайство может быть принесено в суды Договаривающихся
государств в целях принятия предварительных, охранительных мер,
если они допускаются по праву того государства, даже если в
соответствии с данной Конвенцией суды другого государства обладают
юрисдикцией в отношении существа иска.
ГЛАВА III. ПРИЗНАНИЕ И ПРИНУДИТЕЛЬНОЕ
ИСПОЛНЕНИЕ СУДЕБНОГО РЕШЕНИЯ
Статья 25
Для целей данной Конвенции термин "судебное решение" означает
любое судебное решение, вынесенное судом или органом правосудия
Договаривающегося государства, независимо от того, как оно
называется: постановление, решение, судебный приказ об исполнении
решения или определение о судебных издержках и расходах, выданное
служащим суда.
Раздел 1
ПРИЗНАНИЕ
Статья 26
Судебное решение, вынесенное в одном Договаривающемся
государстве, не нуждается в какой-либо особой процедуре признания
в другом Договаривающемся государстве.
Если суть спора составляет вопрос о признании судебного
решения, любая заинтересованная сторона может в соответствии с
порядком, предусмотренным в разделах 2 и 3 данной главы,
обратиться за решением о признании.
Если исход рассмотрения дела в суде Договаривающегося
государства зависит от вынесения вопроса о признании, то этот суд
будет обладать юрисдикцией по вопросу о признании.
Статья 27
Судебное решение не признается, если:
1) такое признание противоречит публичному порядку того
государства, в котором оно должно вступить в силу;
2) в случае неявки в суд ответчику не был надлежащим образом
вручен документ, который возбуждал дело, или эквивалентный ему
документ в разумный срок для того, чтобы дать ему возможность
организовать свою защиту;
3) данное судебное решение противоречит судебному решению,
вынесенному в споре между теми же сторонами в государстве, в
котором это судебное решение должно вступить в силу;
4) суд того государства, в котором выносится решение, решил
предварительный вопрос, касающийся гражданского состояния, право-
и дееспособности физических лиц, прав собственности, возникших из
брачных отношений, завещаний или наследования так, что это
противоречит правилам международного частного права государства, в
котором это судебное решение должно вступить в силу, при условии,
что такой же результат не был бы достигнут с применением норм
международного частного права того государства, в котором решение
должно вступить в силу;
5) судебное решение противоречит судебным решениям, принятым
ранее в государстве, не участвующем в данной Конвенции, по одному
и тому же основанию иска и между теми же сторонами, даже если
данное последнее судебное решение отвечает всем требованиям,
необходимым для признания в государстве, в котором оно должно
вступить в силу.
Статья 28
Судебное решение не может быть признано, если оно противоречит
положениям разделов 3, 4 или 5 главы II или случаю, описанному в
статье 59.
При проверке основания юрисдикции, относящейся к предыдущему
абзацу, суд или соответствующий орган власти в государстве, где
решение должно вступить в силу, будет связан установлением того
факта, на котором суд государства, где принималось решение,
основывал свою юрисдикцию.
В соответствии с положениями первого абзаца юрисдикция суда,
где выносилось решение, не может быть пересмотрена; критерий о
публичном порядке, упоминаемый в пункте 1 статьи 27, не может быть
применен к нормам, регулирующим юрисдикцию.
Статья 29
Иностранные судебные решения ни в коем случае не должны
пересматриваться по существу.
Статья 30
Суд Договаривающегося государства, в котором судебное решение,
вынесенное в другом государстве, должно вступить в силу, может
приостановить производство по делу, если была подана апелляция на
вынесенное решение.
Раздел 2
ПРИНУДИТЕЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛНЕНИЕ
Статья 31
Судебное решение, вынесенное в одном Договаривающемся
государстве и которое может быть принудительно исполнено в
судебном порядке в этом же государстве, может также быть
принудительно исполнено в другом Договаривающемся государстве,
если любая из заинтересованных сторон подала заявление о
принудительном исполнении.
Статья 33
Процедура подачи заявления определяется правом того
государства, в котором принудительное исполнение судебного решения
должно производиться.
Заявитель должен указать свой адрес в пределах территории
юрисдикции суда, в который было подано заявление. Однако, если
право государства не предусматривает предоставления такого адреса,
заявитель назначает судебного представителя.
Документы, предусмотренные в статьях 46 и 47, прилагаются к
заявлению.
Статья 34
Суд, в который было подано заявление, должен принять решение
без промедления; должник на этой стадии производства не имеет
права делать заявления.
Заявление может быть отклонено только по основаниям,
предусмотренным в статьях 27 и 28.
Иностранное судебное решение ни в коем случае не должно
пересматриваться по существу.
Статья 35
Соответствующий чиновник суда без промедления доводит решение,
вынесенное по заявлению, до сведения заявителя в соответствии с
процедурой, предусмотренной правом того государства, в котором
производится принудительное исполнение решения.
Статья 36
Если принудительное исполнение судебного решения было
санкционировано, должник может подать апелляцию на решение в
течение одного месяца со дня вручения ему решения.
Если должник домицилирован в ином государстве, чем то, в
котором было санкционировано принудительное исполнение решения,
срок для подачи апелляции составляет два месяца, который начинает
течь с даты вручения документа, независимо от того, вручен
документ ему лично или по месту его постоянного проживания.
Продление срока не допускается под предлогом большого расстояния.
Статья 38
Суд, в который приносится апелляционная жалоба в соответствии
со статьей 37 (1), может по заявлению подателя жалобы отложить
производство по делу, если была принесена апелляционная жалоба на
первоначальное судебное решение того государства, в котором оно
принималось, или если время для подачи такой апелляционной жалобы
еще не истекло; в последнем случае суд может определить срок, в
течение которого такая апелляционная жалоба должна быть
принесена...
Суд может обусловить принудительное исполнение судебного
решения требованиями безопасности, которые он сочтет нужными.
Статья 39
В течение срока, определенного для апелляционной жалобы
согласно статье 36, и до тех пор, пока не будет принято решение по
такой апелляционной жалобе, никакие меры по принудительному
исполнению судебного решения не могут быть приняты, кроме мер
охранительного характера в отношении имущества должника.
Решение, санкционирующее принудительное исполнение,
предоставляет полномочия по распоряжению такими охранительными
мерами.
Статья 42
Если иностранное судебное решение было вынесено по нескольким
требованиям и принудительное исполнение судебного решения не может
быть санкционировано в отношении всех требований, суд
санкционирует принудительное исполнение по одному или по
нескольким из них.
Заявитель может просить частичного принудительного исполнения
судебного решения.
Статья 43
Иностранное судебное решение, предписывающее выплату штрафа,
исполняется в государстве, в котором принудительное исполнение
судебного решения должно вступить в силу, только в том случае,
если сумма штрафа была окончательно определена судами государства,
в котором было вынесено решение.
Статья 44
Если заявитель пользовался полной или частичной правовой
помощью или освобождением от издержек и расходов в государстве, в
котором было вынесено судебное решение, то он будет иметь право в
производстве, предусмотренном в статьях 32 - 35, пользоваться
наиболее благоприятной правовой помощью и самым широким
освобождением от издержек и расходов, предусмотренными правом той
страны, в которую он обращается.
Статья 45
Никакого поручительства, залога, гарантии нельзя требовать со
стороны, которая подала заявление о принудительном исполнении
судебного решения, принятого в другом Договаривающемся
государстве, на основании того, что это лицо является иностранным
гражданином или не имеет домициля, места жительства в государстве,
в котором должно исполняться судебное решение.
Раздел 3
ОБЩИЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
Статья 46
Сторона, обращающаяся за признанием или подавшая заявление о
принудительном исполнении решения, должна представить:
1) копию судебного решения, которая удовлетворяет всем
требованиям для установления подлинности;
2) в случае судебного решения, принятого при неявке одной из
сторон, - подлинник и заверенную копию документа, который
удостоверяет, что не явившейся стороне был вручен документ,
возбуждающий дело, или эквивалентный ему документ.
Статья 47
Сторона, подавшая заявление о принудительном исполнении
решения, должна также представить:
1) документы, удостоверяющие в соответствии с правом того
государства, где было вынесено решение, что решение может быть
принудительно исполнено в судебном порядке и что оно было вручено;
2) если требуется - документ, удостоверяющий, что заявитель
получал правовую помощь в государстве, в котором было вынесено
решение.
Статья 48
Если документы, упомянутые в пункте 2 статьи 46 и в пункте 2
статьи 47, не были представлены, суд может определить срок для их
представления или представления эквивалентных им документов, или,
если суд располагает достаточной информацией по делу, освободить
от их представления.
По требованию суда должен быть представлен перевод документов;
перевод должен быть заверен лицом, уполномоченным для этого в
одном из Договаривающихся государств.
Статья 49
Никакой легализации или любой другой формальности не требуется
в отношении документов, упомянутых в статьях 46 и 47 и во втором
абзаце статьи 48, а также в отношении документа, назначающего
судебного представителя.
ГЛАВА IV. МИРОВЫЕ СОГЛАШЕНИЯ И ОФИЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ДОКУМЕНТЫ
Статья 50
Официальный документ, который признается подлинным и в
отношении которого возможно принудительное исполнение в одном из
государств, будет признаваться таковым в другом Договаривающемся
государстве по заявлению, поданному в соответствии с положениями
статьи 31. В заявлении может быть отказано, только если исполнение
документа противоречит публичному порядку того государства,
которому оно адресовано.
Документы должны удовлетворять требованиям, необходимым для
установления подлинности в государстве, в котором этот документ
принимался.
Положения раздела 3 главы 3 применяются соответственно.
Статья 51
Мировые соглашения, которые были заключены перед судьей в
процессе производства и которые могут быть принудительно исполнены
в государстве происхождения, принудительно исполняются в
соответствии с теми же требованиями, что и официальные документы.
ГЛАВА V. ОБЩИЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
Статья 52
Для того чтобы определить, имеет ли сторона домициль в
Договаривающемся государстве, суды которого рассматривают спор,
суд применяет национальное право.
Если же сторона не имеет домициля в государстве, суд которого
рассматривает дело, то суд для того, чтобы определить, имеет ли
сторона домициль в другом Договаривающемся государстве, применяет
право того государства.
Статья 53
Для целей данной Конвенции место нахождения компании, другого
юридического лица или объединения физических или юридических лиц
рассматривается как домициль. Однако, для того чтобы определить
это место нахождения, суд должен применять нормы международного
частного права.
Для того чтобы определить, находится ли доверительная
собственность в государстве, чьи суды рассматривают спор, суд
применяет нормы международного частного права.
ЛУГАНСКАЯ КОНВЕНЦИЯ
ПО ВОПРОСАМ ЮРИСДИКЦИИ И ПРИНУДИТЕЛЬНОГО ИСПОЛНЕНИЯ
СУДЕБНЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ В ОТНОШЕНИИ ГРАЖДАНСКИХ
И КОММЕРЧЕСКИХ СПОРОВ
(16 сентября 1988 года)
(Извлечение)
Изменения и дополнения к Брюссельской конвенции:
статья 3 в Ирландии статья 77 ГПК
(дополнение) в Норвегии раздел 32 ГЛК
в Австрии статья 99 закона о судебной юрисдикции
в Швейцарии статья 4 кодекса о МЧП
в Финляндии глава 11, предложения 2,3,4 ГПК
в Швеции первое предложение главы 10.3 кодекса о
судебной процедуре
статья 5 Лицо, домицилированное в Договаривающемся
(изменение) государстве, может быть ответчиком в другом
Договаривающемся государстве.
1. В спорах, вытекающих из договора, - в судах по
месту выполнения договора; в спорах, вытекающих из
индивидуального трудового договора, - по месту, где
работник по найму обычно выполняет свою работу, или
если работник не имеет постоянного места работы - то
по месту бизнеса, посредством которого он был нанят.
статья 16 1 "b" Однако в исках, которые имеют своим объектом
(изменение) аренды или найм недвижимого имущества для частного
пользования сроком не более шести последовательных
месяцев, - суды Договаривающегося государства, в
котором ответчик имеет домициль, также будут иметь
юрисдикцию при условии, что арендатор недвижимости
является физическим лицом и ни одна из сторон не
имеет домициля в Договаривающемся государстве, где
находится собственность.
статья 17, В спорах по трудовым договорам соглашение о
последний юрисдикции будет только тогда иметь силу, если оно
абзац было заключено после возникновения спора.
(сокращение)
статья 28, В признании судебного решения может быть отказано
второй абзац в любом из случаев, оговоренных в статьях 54 (3)
(дополнение) или 57 (4).
CONVENTION
ON JURISDICTION AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS
IN CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL MATTERS
(Lugano, 16.IX.1988)
Preamble
The High Contracting Parties to this Convention,
Anxious to strengthen in their territories the legal
protection of persons therein established,
Considering that it is necessary for this purpose to determine
the international jurisdiction of their courts, to facilitate
recognition and to introduce an expeditious procedure for securing
the enforcement of judgments, authentic instruments and court
settlements,
Aware of the links between them, which have been sanctioned in
the economic field by the free trade agreements concluded between
the European Economic Community and the States members of the
European Free Trade Association,
Taking into account the Brussels Convention of 27 September
1968 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and
commercial matters, as amended by the Accession Conventions under
the successive enlargements of the European Communities,
Persuaded that the extension of the principles of that
Convention to the States parties to this instrument will
strengthen legal and economic cooperation in Europe,
Desiring to ensure as uniform an interpretation as possible of
this instrument,
Have in this spirit decided to conclude this Convention and
Have agreed as follows:
TITLE I. SCOPE
Article 1
This Convention shall apply in civil and commercial matters
whatever the nature of the court or tribunal. It shall not extend,
in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters.
The Convention shall not apply to:
1. the status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in
property arising out of a matrimonial relationship, wills and
succession;
2. bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of
insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements,
compositons and analogous proceedings;
3. social security;
4. arbitration.
TITLE II. JURISDICTION
Section 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 2
Subject to the provisions of this Convention, persons
domiciled in a Contracting State shall, whatever their
nationality, be sued in the courts of that State.
Persons who are not nationals of the State in which they are
domiciled shall be governed by the rules of jurisdiction
applicable to nationals of that State.
Article 3
Persons domiciled in a Contracting State may be sued in the
courts of another Contracting State only by virtue of the rules
set out in Sections 2 to 6 of this Title.
In particular the following provisions shall not be applicable
as against them:
- in Belgium: Article 15 of the civil code (Code civil -
Burgerlijk Wetboek) and Article 638 of the judicial code (Code
judiciaire - Gerechtelijk Wetboek),
- in Denmark: Article 246 (2) and (3) of the law on civil
procedure (Lov om rettens pleje),
- in the Federal Republic of Germany: Article 23 of the code
of civil procedure (...<*>),
- in Greece: Article 40 of the code of civil procedure
(...<*>),
- in France: Articles 14 and 15 of the civil code (Code
civil),
- in Ireland: the rules which enable jurisdiction to be
founded on the document instituting the proceedings having been
served on the defendant during his temporary presence in Ireland,
- in Iceland: Article 77 of the Civil Proceedings Act
(...<*>),
- in Italy: Articles 2 and 4, Nos 1 and 2 of the code of civil
procedure (Codice di procedura civile),
- in Luxembourg: Articles 14 and 15 of the civil code (Code
civil),
- in the Netherlands: Articles 126 (3) and 127 of the code of
civil procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering),
- in Norway: Section 32 of the Civil Proceedings Act
(tvistemalsloven),
- in Austria: Article 99 of the Law on Court Jurisdiction
(Jurisdiktionsnorm),
- in Portugal: Articles 65 (1) (c), 65 (2) and 65A (c) of the
code of civil procedure (...<*>) and Article 11 of the code of
labour procedure (...<*>),
- in Switzerland: ...<*> within the meaning of Article 4 of
the ...<*>,
- in Finland: the second, third and fourth sentences of
Section 1 of Chapter 10 of the Code of Judicial Procedure
(...<*>),
- in Sweden: the first sentence of Section 3 of Chapter 10 of
the Code of Judicial Procedure (...<*>),
- in the United Kingdom: the rules which enable jurisdiction
to be founded on:
(a) the document instituting the proceedings having been
served on the defendant during his temporary presence in the
United Kingdom; or
(b) the presence within the United Kingdom of property
belonging to the defendant; or
(c) the seizure by the plaintiff of property situated in the
United Kingdom.
--------------------------------
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Article 4
If the defendant is not domiciled in a Contracting State, the
jurisdiction of the courts of each Contracting State shall,
subject to the provisions of Article 16, be determined by the law
of that State.
As against such a defendant, any person domiciled in a
Contracting State may, whatever his nationality, avail himself in
that State of the rules of jurisdiction there in force, and in
particular those specified in the second paragraph of Article 3,
in the same way as the nationals of that State.
Section 2
SPECIAL JURISDICTION
Article 5
A person domiciled in a Contracting State may, in another
Contracting State, be sued:
1. in matters relating to a contract, in the courts for the
place of performance of the obligation in question; in matters
relating to individual contracts of employment, this place is that
where the employee habitually carries out his work, or if the
employee does not habitually carry out his work in any one
country, this place shall be the place of business through which
he was engaged;
2. in matters relating to maintenance, in the courts for the
place where the maintenance creditor is domiciled or habitually
resident or, if the matter is ancillary to proceedings concerning
the status of a person, in the court which, according to its own
law, has juridiction to entertain those proceedings, unless that
jurisdiction is based solely on the nationality of one of the
parties;
3. in matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict, in the
courts for the place where the harmful event occurred;
4. as regards a civil claim for damages or restitution which
is based on an act giving rise to criminal proceedings, in the
court seised of those proceedings, to the extent that that court
has jurisdiction under its own law to entertain civil proceedings;
5. as regards a dispute arising out of the operations of a
branch, agency or other establishment, in the courts for the place
in which the branch, agency or other establishment is situated;
6. in his capacity as settlor, trustee or beneficiary of a
trust created by the operation of a statute, or by a written
instrument, or created orally and evidenced in writing, in the
courts of the Contracting State in which the trust is domiciled;
7. as regards a dispute concerning the payment of remuneration
claimed in respect of the salvage of a cargo or freight, in the
court under the authority of which the cargo or freight in
question:
(a) has been arrested to secure such payment,
or
(b) could have been so arrested, but bail or other security
has been given;
provided that this provision shall apply only if it is claimed
that the defendant has an interest in the cargo or freight or had
such an interest at the time of salvage.
Article 6
A person domiciled in a Contracting State may also be sued:
1. where he is one of a number of defendants, in the courts
for the place where any one of them is domiciled;
2. as a third party in an action on a warranty or guarantee or
in any other third party proceedings, in the court seised of the
original proceedings, unless these were instituted solely with the
object of removing him from the jurisdiction of the court which
would be competent in his case;
3. on a counterclaim arising from the same contract or facts
on which the original claim was based, in the court in which the
original claim is pending;
4. in matters relating to a contract, if the action may be
combined with an action against the same defendant in matters
relating to rights in rem in immovable property, in the court of
the Contracting State in which the property is situated.
Article 6A
Where by virtue of this Convention a court of a Contracting
State has jurisdiction in actions relating to liability arising
from the use or operation of a ship, that court, or any other
court substitued for this purpose by the internal law of that
State, shall also have jurisdiction over claims for limitation of
such liability.
Section 3
JURISDICTION IN MATTERS RELATING TO INSURANCE
Article 7
In matters relating to insurance, jurisdiction shall be
determined by this Section, without prejudice to the provisions of
Articles 4 and 5 (5).
Article 8
An insurer domiciled in a Contracting State may be sued:
1. in the courts of the State where he is domiciled, or
2. in another Contracting State, in the courts for the place
where the policy-holder is domiciled, or
3. if he is a co-insurer, in the courts of a Contracting State
in which proceedings are brought against the leading insurer.
An insurer who is not domiciled in a Contracting State but has
a branch, agency or other establishment in one of the Contracting
States shall, in disputes arising out of the operations of the
branch, agency or establishment, be deemed to be domiciled in that
State.
Article 9
In respect of liability insurance or insurance of immovable
property, the insurer may in addition be sued in the courts for
the place where the harmful event occurred. The same applies if
movable and immovable property are covered by the same insurance
policy and both are adversely affected by the same contingency.
Article 10
In respect of liability insurance, the insurer may also, if
the law of the court permits it, be joined in proceedings which
the injured party has brought against the insured.
The provisions of Articles 7, 8 and 9 shall apply to actions
brought by the injured party directly against the insurer, where
such direct actions are permitted.
If the law governing such direct actions provides that the
policy-holder or the insured may be joined as a party to the
action, the same court shall have jurisdiction over them.
Article 11
Without prejudice to the provisions of the third paragraph of
Article 10, an insurer may bring proceedings only in the courts of
the Contracting State in which the defendant is domiciled,
irrespective of whether he is the policy-holder, the insured or a
beneficiary.
The provisions of this Section shall not affect the right to
bring a counterclaim in the court in which, in accordance with
this Section, the original claim is pending.
Article 12
The provisions of this Section may be departed from only by an
agreement on jurisdiction:
1. which is entered into after the dispute has arisen, or
2. which allows the policy-holder, the insured or a
beneficiary to bring proceedings in courts other than those
indicated in this Section, or
3. which is concluded between a policy-holder and an insurer,
both of whom are at the time of conclusion of the contract
domiciled or habitually resident in the same Contracting State,
and which has the effect of conferring jurisdiction on the courts
of that State even if the harmful event were to occur abroad,
provided that such an agreement is not contrary to the law of the
State, or
4. which is concluded with a policy-holder who is not
domiciled in a Contracting State, except in so far as the
insurance is compulsory or relates to immovable property in a
Contracting State, or
5. which relates to a contract of insurance in so far as it
covers one or more of the risks set out in Article 12A.
Article 12A
The following are the risks referred to in Article 12 (5):
1. any loss of or damage to:
(a) sea-going ships, installations situated off shore or on
the high seas, or aircraft, arising from perils which relate to
their use for commercial purposes,
(b) goods in transit other than passengers' baggage where the
transit consists of or includes carriage by such ships or
aircraft;
2. any liability, other than for bodily injury to passengers
or loss of or damage to their baggage,
(a) arising out of the use or operation of ships,
installations or aircraft as referred to in (1) (a) above in so
far as the law of the Contracting State in which such aircraft are
registered does not prohibit agreements on jurisdiction regarding
insurance of such risks,
(b) for loss or damage caused by goods in transit as described
in (1) (b) above;
3. any financial loss connected with the use or operation of
ships, installations or aircraft as referred to in (1) (a) above,
in particular loss of freight or charter-hire;
4. any risk or interest connected with any of those referred
to in (1) to (3) above.
Section 4
JURISDICTION OVER CONSUMER CONTRACTS
Article 13
In proceedings concerning a contract concluded by a person for
a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or
profession, hereinafter called "the consumer", jurisdiction shall
be determined by this Section, without prejudice to the provisions
of Articles 4 and 5 (5), if it is:
1. a contract for the sale of goods on instalment credit
terms, or
2. a contract for a loan repayable by instalments, or for any
other form of credit, made to finance the sale of goods, or
3. any other contract for the supply of goods or a contract
for the supply of services, and
(a) in the State of the consumer's domicile the conclusion of
the contract was preceded by a specific invitation addressed to
him or by advertising, and
(b) the consumer took in that State the steps necessary for
the conclusion of the contract.
Where a consumer enters into a contract with a party who is
not domiciled in a Contracting State but has a branch, agency or
other establishment in one of the Contracting States, that party
shall, in disputes arising out of the operations of the branch,
agency or establishment, be deemed to be domiciled in that State.
This Section shall not apply to contracts of transport.
Article 14
A consumer may bring proceedings against the other party to a
contract either in the courts of the Contracting State in which
that party is domiciled or in the courts of the Contracting State
in which he is himself domiciled.
Proceedings may be brought against a consumer by the other
party to the contract only in the courts of the Contracting State
in which the consumer is domiciled.
These provisions shall not affect the right to bring a
counterclaim in the court in which, in accordance with this
Section, the original claim is pending.
Article 15
The provisions of this Section may be departed from only by an
agreement:
1. which is entered into after the dispute has arisen, or
2. which allows the consumer to bring proceedings in courts
other than those indicated in this Section, or
3. which is entered into by the consumer and the other party
to the contract, both of whom are at the time of conclusion of the
contract domiciled or habitually resident in the same Contracting
State, and which confers jurisdiction on the courts of that State,
provided that such an agreement is not contrary to the law of that
State.
Section 5
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION
Article 16
The following courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction,
regardless of domicile:
1. (a) in proceedings which have as their object rights in rem
in immovable property or tenancies of immovable property, the
courts of the Contracting State in which the property is situated;
(b) however, in proceedings which have as their object
tenancies of immovable property concluded for temporary private
use for a maximum period of six consecutive months, the courts of
the Contracting State in which the defendant is domiciled shall
also have jurisdiction, provided that the tenant is a natural
person and neither party is domiciled in the Contracting State in
which the property is situated;
2. in proceedings which have as their object the validity of
the constitution, the nullity or the dissolution of companies or
other legal persons or associations of natural or legal persons,
or the decisions of their organs, the courts of the Contracting
State in which the company, legal person or association has its
seat;
3. in proceedings which have as their object the validity of
entries in public registers, the courts of the Contracting State
in which the register is kept;
4. in proceedings concerned with the registration or validity
of patents, trade marks, designs, or other similar rights required
to be deposited or registered, the courts of the Contracting State
in which the deposit or registration has been applied for, has
taken place or is under the terms of an international convention
deemed to have taken place;
5. in proceedings concerned with the enforcement of judgments,
the courts of the Contracting State in which the judgment has been
or is to be enforced.
Section 6
PROROGATION OF JURISDICTION
Article 17
1. If the parties, one or more of whom is domiciled in a
Contracting State, have agreed that a court or the courts of a
Contracting State are to have jurisdiction to settle any disputes
which have arisen or which may arise in connection with a
particular legal relationship, that court or those courts shall
have exclusive jurisdiction. Such an agreement conferring
jurisdiction shall be either:
(a) in writing or evidenced in writing, or
(b) in a form which accords with practices which the parties
have established between themselves, or
(c) in international trade or commerce, in a form which
accords with a usage of which the parties are or ought to have
been aware and which in such trade or commerce is widely known to,
and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type
involved in the particular trade or commerce concerned.
Where such an agreement is concluded by parties, none of whom
is domiciled in a Contracting State, the courts of other
Contracting States shall have no jurisdiction over their disputes
unless the court or courts chosen have declined jurisdiction.
2. The court or courts of a Contracting State on which a trust
instrument has conferred jurisdiction shall have exclusive
jurisdiction in any proceedings brought against a settlor, trustee
or beneficiary, if relations between these persons or their rights
or obligations under the trust are involved.
3. Agreements or provisions of a trust instrument conferring
jurisdiction shall have no legal force if they are contrary to the
provisions of Article 12 or 15, or if the courts whose
jurisdiction they purport to exclude have exclusive jurisdiction
by virtue of Article 16.
4. If an agreement conferring jurisdiction was concluded for
the benefit of only one of the parties, that party shall retain
the right to bring proceedings in any other court which has
jurisdiction by virtue of this Convention.
5. In matters relating to individual contracts of employment
an agreement conferring jurisdiction shall have legal force only
if it is entered into after the dispute has arisen.
Article 18
Apart from jurisdiction derived from other provisions of this
Convention, a court of a Contracting State before whom a defendant
enters an appearance shall have jurisdiction. This rule shall not
apply where appearance was entered solely to contest the
jurisdiction, or where another court has exclusive jurisdiction by
virtue of Article 16.
Section 7
EXAMINATION AS TO JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY
Article 19
Where a court of a Contracting State is seised of a claim
which is principally concerned with a matter over which the courts
of another Contracting State have exclusive jurisdiction by virtue
of Article 16, it shall declare of its own motion that it has no
jurisdiction.
Article 20
Where a defendant domiciled in one Contracting State is sued
in a court of another Contracting State and does not enter an
appearance, the court shall declare of its own motion that it has
no jurisdiction unless its jurisdiction is derived from the
provisions of this Convention.
The court shall stay the proceedings so long as it is not
shown that the defendant has been able to receive the document
instituting the proceedings or an equivalent document in
sufficient time to enable him to arrange for his defence, or that
all necessary steps have been taken to this end.
The provisions of the foregoing paragraph shall be replaced by
those of Article 15 of the Hague Convention of 15 November 1965 on
the service abroad of judicial and extrajudicial documents in
civil or commercial matters, if the document instituting the
proceedings or notice thereof had to be transmitted abroad in
accordance with that Convention.
Section 8
LIS PENDENS - RELATED ACTIONS
Article 21
Where proceedings involving the same cause of action and
between the same parties are brought in the courts of different
Contracting States, any court other than the court first seised
shall of its own motion stay its proceedings until such time as
the jurisdiction of the court first seised is established.
Where the jurisdiction of the court first seised is
established, any court other than the court first seised shall
decline jurisdiction in favour of that court.
Article 22
Where related actions are brought in the courts of different
Contracting States, any court other than the court first seised
may, while the actions are pending at first instance, stay its
proceedings.
A court other than the court first seised may also, on the
application of one of the parties, decline jurisdiction if the law
of that court permits the consolidation of related actions and the
court first seised has jurisdiction over both actions.
For the purposes of this Article, actions are deemed to be
related where they are so closely connected that it is expedient
to hear and determine them together to avoid the risk of
irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings.
Article 23
Where actions come within the exclusive jurisdiction of
several courts, any court other than the court first seised shall
decline jurisdiction in favour of that court.
Section 9
PROVISIONAL, INCLUDING PROTECTIVE, MEASURES
Article 24
Application may be made to the courts of a Contracting State
for such provisional, including protective, measures as may be
available under the law of that State, even if, under this
Convention, the courts of another Contracting State have
jurisdiction as to the substance of the matter.
TITLE III. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT
Article 25
For the purposes of this Convention, "judgment" means any
judgment given by a court or tribunal of a Contracting State,
whatever the judgment may be called, including a decree, order,
decision or writ of execution, as well as the determination of
costs or expenses by an officer of the court.
Section 1
RECOGNITION
Article 26
A judgment given in a Contracting State shall be recognised in
the other Contracting States without any special procedure being
required.
Any interested party who raises the recognition of a judgment
as the principal issue in a dispute may, in accordance with the
procedures provided for in Section 2 and 3 of this Title, apply
for a decision that the judgment be recognised.
If the outcome of proceedings in a court of a Contracting
State depends on the determination of an incidental question of
recognition that court shall have jurisdiction over that question.
Article 27
A judgment shall not be recognised:
1. if such recognition is contrary to public policy in the
State in which recognition is sought;
2. where it was given in default of appearance, if the
defendant was not duly served with the document which instituted
the proceedings or with an equivalent document in sufficient time
to enable him to arrange for his defence;
3. if the judgment is irreconcilable with a judgment given in
a dispute between the same parties in the State in which
recognition is sought;
4. if the court of the State of origin, in order to arrive at
its judgment, has decided a preliminary question concerning the
status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in property
arising out of a matrimonial relationship, wills or succession in
a way that conflicts with a rule of the private international law
of the State in which the recognition is sought, unless the same
result would have been reached by the application of the rules of
private international law of that State;
5. if the judgment is irreconcilable with an earlier judgment
given in a non-contracting State involving the same cause of
action and between the same parties, provided that this latter
judgment fulfils the conditions necessary for its recognition in
the State addressed.
Article 28
Moreover, a judgment shall not be recognised if it conflicts
with the provisions of Sections 3, 4 or 5 of Title II or in a case
provided for in Article 59.
A judgment may furthermore be refused recognition in any case
provided for in Article 54B (3) or 57 (4).
In its examination of the grounds of jurisdiction referred to
in the foregoing paragraphs, the court or authority applied to
shall be bound by the findings of fact on which the court of the
State of origin based its jurisdiction.
Subject to the provisions of the first and second paragraphs,
the jurisdiction of the court of the State of origin may not be
reviewed; the test of public policy referred to in Article 27 (1)
may not be applied to the rules relating to jurisdiction.
Article 29
Under no circumstances may a foreign judgment be reviewed as
to its substance.
Article 30
A court of a Contracting State in which recognition is sought
of a judgment given in another Contracting State may stay the
proceedings if an ordinary appeal against the judgment has been
lodged.
A court of a Contracting State in which recognition is sought
of a judgment given in Ireland or the United Kingdom may stay the
proceedings if enforcement is suspended in the State of origin by
reason of an appeal.
Section 2
ENFORCEMENT
Article 31
A judgment given in a Contracting State and enforceable in
that State shall be enforced in another Contracting State when, on
the application of any interested party, it has been declared
enforceable there.
However, in the United Kingdom, such a judgment shall be
enforced in England and Wales, in Scotland, or in Northern Ireland
when, on the application of any interested party, it has been
registered for enforcement in that part of the United Kingdom.
Article 32
1. The application shall be submitted:
- in Belgium, to the ...<*>,
- in Denmark, to the byret,
- in the Federal Republic of Germany, to the presiding judge
of a chamber of the Landgericht,
- in Greece, to the ...<*>,
- in Spain, to the Juzgado de Primera Instancia,
- in France, to the presiding judge of the tribunal de grande
instance,
- in Ireland, to the High Court,
- in Iceland, to the ...<*>,
- in Italy, to the corte d'appello,
- in Luxembourg, to the presiding judge of the tribunal
d'arrondissement,
- in the Netherlands, to the presiding judge of the
arrondissementsrechtbank,
- in Norway, to the herredsrett or byrett as namsrett,
- in Austria, to the Landesgericht or the Kreisgericht,
- in Portugal, to the ...<*>,
- in Switzerland:
(a) in respect of judgments ordering the payment of a sum of
money, to the ...<*>, within the framework of the procedure
governed by Articles 80 and 81 of the ...<*>,
(b) in respect of judgments ordering a performance other than
the payment of a sum of money, to the ...<*>,
- in Finland, to the ...<*>,
- in Sweden, to the ...<*>,
- in the United Kingdom:
(a) in England and Wales, to the High Court of Justice, or in
the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates' Court on
transmission by the Secretary of State,
(b) in Scotland, to the Court of Session, or in the case of a
maintenance judgment to the Sheriff Court on transmission by the
Secretary of State,
(c) in Northern Ireland, to the High Court of Justice, or in
the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates' Court on
transmission by the Secretary of State.
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2. The jurisdiction of local courts shall be determined by
reference to the place of domicile of the party against whom
enforcement is sought. If he is not domiciled in the State in
which enforcement is sought, it shall be determined by reference
to the place of enforcement.
Article 33
The procedure for making the application shall be governed by
the law of the State in which enforcement is sought.
The applicant must give an address for service of process
within the area of jurisdiction of the court applied to. However,
if the law of the State in which enforcement is sought does not
provide for the furnishing of such an address, the applicant shall
appoint a representative ad litem.
The documents referred to in Articles 46 and 47 shall be
attached to the application.
Article 34
The court applied to shall give its decision without delay;
the party against whom enforcement is sought shall not at this
stage of the proceedings be entitled to make any submissions on
the application.
The application may be refused only for one of the reasons
specified in Articles 27 and 28.
Under no circumstances may the foreign judgment be reviewed as
to is substance.
Article 35
The appropriate officer of the court shall without delay bring
the decision given on the application to the notice of the
applicant in accordance with the procedure laid down by the law of
the State in which enforcement is sought.
Article 36
If enforcement is authorised, the party against whom
enforcement is sought may appeal against the decision within one
month of service thereof.
If that party is domiciled in a Contracting State other than
that in which the decision authorising enforcement was given, the
time for appealing shall be two months and shall run from the date
of service, either on him in person or at his residence. No
extension of time may be granted on account of distance.
Article 37
1. An appeal against the decision authorising enforcement
shall be lodged in accordance with the rules governing procedure
in contentious matters:
- in Belgium, with the ...<*>,
- in Denmark, with the landsret,
- in the Federal Republic of Germany, with the
Oberlandesgericht,
- in Greece, with the ...<*>,
- in Spain, with the Audiencia Provincial,
- in France, with the cour d'appel,
- in Ireland, with the High Court,
- in Iceland, with the ...<*>,
- in Italy, with the corte d'appello,
- in Luxembourg, with the Court ...<*> as a court of civil
appeal,
- in the Netherlands, with the arrondissementsrechtbank,
- in Norway, with the lagmannsrett,
- in Austria, with the Landesgericht or the Kreisgericht,
- in Portugal, with the ...<*>,
- in Switzerland, with the tribunal cantonal / Kantonsgericht
/ tribunale cantonale,
- in Finland, with the ...<*>,
- in Sweden, with the ...<*>,
- in the United Kingdom:
(a) in England and Wales, with the High Court of Justice, or
in the case of a maintenance judgment with the Magistrates' Court,
(b) in Scotland, with the Court of Session, or in the case of
a maintenance judgment with the Sheriff Court,
(c) in Northern Ireland, with the High Court of Justice, or in
the case of a maintenance judgment with the Magistrates' Court.
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2. The judgment given on the appeal may be contested only:
- in Belgium, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg and in
the Netherlands, by an appeal in cassation,
- in Denmark, by an appeal to the ...<*>, with the leave of
the Minister of Justice,
- in the Federal Republic of Germany, by a Rechtsbeschwerde,
- in Ireland, by an appeal on a point of law to the Supreme
Court,
- in Iceland, by an appeal to the ...<*>,
- in Norway, by an appeal (...<*>) to the ...<*>,
- in Austria, in the case of an appeal, by a Revisionsrekurs
and, in the case of opposition proceedings, by a Berufung with the
possibility of a Revision,
- in Portugal, by an appeal on a point of law,
- in Switzerland, by a ...<*>,
- in Finland, by an appeal to the ...<*>,
- in Sweden, by an appeal to the ...<*>
- in the United Kingdom, by a single further appeal on a point
of law.
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Article 38
The court with which the appeal under the first paragraph of
Article 37 is lodged may, on the application of the appellant,
stay the proceedings if an ordinary appeal has been lodged against
the judgment in the State of origin or if the time for such an
appeal has not yet expired; in the latter case, the court may
specify the time within which such an appeal is to be lodged.
Where the judgment was given in Ireland or the United Kingdom,
any form of appeal available in the State of origin shall be
treated as an ordinary appeal for the purposes of the first
paragraph.
The court may also make enforcement conditional on the
provision of such security as it shall determine.
Article 39
During the time specified for an appeal pursuant to Article 36
and until any such appeal has been determined, no measures of
enforcement may be taken other than protective measures taken
against the property of the party against whom enforcement is
sought.
The decision authorising enforcement shall carry with it the
power to proceed to any such protective measures.
Article 40
1. If the application for enforcement is refused, the
applicant may appeal:
- in Belgium, to the cour d'appel or hof van beroep,
- in Denmark, to the landsret,
- in the Federal Republic of Germany, to the
Oberlandesgericht,
- in Greece, to the ...<*>,
- in Spain, to the Audiencia Provincial,
- in France, to the cour d'appel,
- in Ireland, to the High Court,
- in Iceland, to the ...<*>,
- in Italy, to the corte d'appello,
- in Luxembourg, to the ...<*> sitting as a court of civil
appeal,
- in the Netherlands, to the gerechtshof,
- in Norway, to the lagmannsrett,
- in Austria, to the Landesgericht or the Kreisgericht,
- in Portugal, to the ...<*>,
- in Switzerland, to the tribunal cantonal / Kantonsgericht /
tribunale cantonale,
- in Finland, to the ...<*>,
- in Sweden, to the ...<*>,
- in the United Kingdom:
(a) in England and Wales, to the High Court of Justice, or in
the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates' Court,
(b) in Scotland, to the Court of Session, or in the case of a
maintenance judgment to the Sheriff Court,
(c) in Northern Ireland, to the High Court of Justice, or in
the case of a maintenance judgment to the Magistrates' Court.
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2. The party against whom enforcement is sought shall be
summoned to appear before the appellate court. If he fails to
appear, the provisions of the second and third paragraphs of
Article 20 shall apply even where he is not domiciled in any of
the Contracting States.
Article 41
A judgment given on an appeal provided for in Article 40 may
be contested only:
- in Belgium, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg and in
the Netherlands, by an appeal in cassation,
- in Denmark, by an appeal to the ...<*>, with the leave of
the Minister of Justice,
- in the Federal Republic of Germany, by a Rechtsbeschwerde,
- in Ireland, by an appeal on a point of law to the Supreme
Court,
- in Iceland, by an appeal to the ...<*>,
- in Norway, by an appeal (...<*>) to the ...<*>,
- in Austria, by a Revisionsrekurs,
- in Portugal, by an appeal on a point of law,
- in Switzerland, by a recours ...<*>,
- in Finland, by an appeal to the ...<*>,
- in Sweden, by an appeal to the ...<*>,
- in the United Kingdom, by a single further appeal on a point
of law.
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Article 42
Where a foreign judgment has been given in respect of several
matters and enforcement cannot be authorised for all of them, the
court shall authorise enforcement for one or more of them.
An applicant may request partial enforcement of a judgment.
Article 43
A foreign judgment which orders a periodic payment by way of a
penalty shall be enforceable in the State in which enforcement is
sought only if the amount of the payment has been finally
determined by the courts of the State of origin.
Article 44
An applicant who, in the State of origin, has benefited from
complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses,
shall be entitled, in the procedures provided for in Articles 32
to 35, to benefit from the most favourable legal aids or the most
extensive exemption from costs or expenses provided for by the law
of the State addressed.
However, an applicant who requests the enforcement of a
decision given by an administrative authority in Denmark or in
Iceland in respect of a maintenance order may, in the State
addressed, claim the benefits referred to in the first paragraph
if he presents a statement from, respectively, the Danish Ministry
of Justice or the Icelandic Ministry of Justice to the effect that
he fulfils the economic requirements to qualify for the grant of
complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses.
Article 45
No security, bond or deposit, however described, shall be
required of a party who in one Contracting State applies for
enforcement of a judgment given in another Contracting State on
the ground that he is a foreign national or that he is not
domiciled or resident in the State in which enforcement is sought.
Section 3
COMMON PROVISIONS
Article 46
A party seeking recognition or applying for enforcement of a
judgment shall produce:
1. a copy of the judgment which satisfies the conditions
necessary to establish its authenticity;
2. in the case of a judgment given in default, the original or
a certified true copy of the document which establishes that the
party in default was served with the document instituting the
proceedings or with an equivalent document.
Article 47
A party applying for enforcement shall also produce:
1. documents which establish that, according to the law of the
State of origin, the judgment is enforceable and has been served;
2. where appropriate, a document showing that the applicant is
in receipt of legal aid in the State of origin.
Article 48
If the documents specified in Article 46 (2) and Article 47
(2) are not produced, the court may specify a time for their
production, accept equivalent documents or, if it considers that
it has sufficient information before it, dispense with their
production.
If the court so requires, a translation of the documents shall
be produced; the translation shall be certified by a person
qualified to do so in one of the Contracting States.
Article 49
No legalisation or other similar formality shall be required
in respect of the documents referred to in Articles 46 or 47 or
the second paragraph of Article 48, or in respect of a document
appointing a representative ad litem.
TITLE IV. AUTHENTIC INSTRUMENTS AND COURT SETTLEMENTS
Article 50
A document which has been formally drawn up or registered as
an authentic instrument and is enforceable in one Contracting
State shall, in another Contracting State, be declared enforceable
there, on application made in accordance with the procedures
provided for in Article 31 et seq. The application may be refused
only if enforcement of the instrument is contrary to public policy
in the State addressed.
The instrument produced must satisfy the conditions necessary
to establish its authenticity in the State of origin.
The provisions of Section 3 of Title III shall apply as
appropriate.
Article 51
A settlement which has been approved by a court in the course
of proceedings and is enforceable in the State in which it was
concluded shall be enforceable in the State addressed under the
same conditions as authentic instruments.
TITLE V. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 52
In order to determine whether a party is domiciled in the
Contracting State whose courts are seised of a matter, the Court
shall apply its internal law.
If a party is not domiciled in the State whose courts are
seised of the matter, then, in order to determine whether the
party is domiciled in another Contracting State, the court shall
apply the law of that State.
Article 53
For the purposes of this Convention, the seat of a company or
other legal person or association of natural or legal persons
shall be treated as its domicile. However, in order to determine
that seat, the court shall apply its rules of private
international law.
In order to determine whether a trust is domiciled in the
Contracting State whose courts are seised of the matter, the court
shall apply its rules of private international law.
TITLE VI. TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
Article 54
The provisions of this Convention shall apply only to legal
proceedings instituted and to documents formally drawn up or
registered as authentic instruments after its entry into force in
the State of origin and, where recognition or enforcement of a
judgment or authentic instrument is sought, in the State
addressed.
However, judgments given after the date of entry into force of
this Convention between the State of origin and the State
addressed in proceedings instituted before that date shall be
recognised and enforced in accordance with the provisions of Title
III if jurisdiction was founded upon rules which accorded with
those provided for either in Title II of this Convention or in a
convention concluded between the State of origin and the State
addressed which was in force when the proceedings were instituted.
If the parties to a dispute concerning a contract had agreed
in writing before the entry into force of this Convention that the
contract was to be governed by the law of Ireland or of a part of
the United Kingdom, the courts of Ireland or of that part of the
United Kingdom shall retain the right to exercise jurisdiction in
the dispute.
Article 54A
For a period of three years from the entry into force of this
Convention for Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Finland
and Sweden, respectively, jurisdiction in maritime matters shall
be determined in these States not only in accordance with the
provisions of Title II, but also in accordance with the provisions
of paragraphs 1 to 7 following. However, upon the entry into force
of the International Convention relating to the arrest of
sea-going ships, signed at Brussels on 10 May 1952, for one of
these States, these provisions shall cease to have effect for that
State.
1. A person who is domiciled in a Contracting State may be
sued in the courts of one of the States mentioned above in respect
of a maritime claim if the ship to which the claim relates or any
other ship owned by him has been arrested by judicial process
within the territory of the latter State to secure the claim, or
could have been so arrested there but bail or other security has
been given, and either:
(a) the claimant is domiciled in the latter State, or
(b) the claim arose in the latter State, or
(c) the claim concerns the voyage during which the arrest was
made or could have been made, or
(d) the claim arises out of a collision or out of damage
caused by a ship to another ship or to goods or persons on board
either ship, either by the execution or non-execution of a
manoeuvre or by the non-observance of regulations, or
(e) the claim is for salvage, or
(f) the claim is in respect of a mortgage or hypothecation of
the ship arrested.
2. A claimant may arrest either the particular ship to which
the maritime claim relates, or any other ship which is owned by
the person who was, at the time when the maritime claim arose, the
owner of the particular ship. However, only the particular ship to
which the maritime claim relates my be arrested in respect of the
maritime claims set out in (5) (o), (p) or (q) of this Article.
3. Ships shall be deemed to be in the same ownership when all
the shares therein are owned by the same person or persons.
4. When in the case of a charter by demise of a ship the
charterer alone is liable in respect of a maritime claim relating
to that ship, the claimant may arrest that ship or any other ship
owned by the charterer, but no other ship owned by the owner may
be arrested in respect of such claim. The same shall apply to any
case in which a person other than the owner of a ship is liable in
respect of a maritime claim relating to that ship.
5. The expression "maritime claim" means a claim arising out
of one or more of the following:
(a) damage caused by any ship either in collision or
otherwise;
(b) loss of life or personal injury caused by any ship or
occurring in connection with the operation on any ship;
(c) salvage;
(d) agreement relating to the use or hire of any ship whether
by charterparty or other wise;
(e) agreement relating to the carriage of goods in any ship
whether by charterparty or otherwise;
(f) loss of or damage to goods including baggage carried in
any ship;
(g) general average;
(h) bottomry;
(i) towage;
(j) pilotage;
(k) goods or materials wherever supplied to a ship for her
operation or maintenance;
(l) construction, repair or equipment of any ship or dock
charges and dues;
(m) wages of masters, officers or crew;
(n) master's disbursements, including disbursements made by
shippers, charterers or agents on behalf of a ship or her owner;
(o) dispute as to the title to or ownership of any ship;
(p) disputes between co-owners of any ship as to the
ownership, possession, employment or earnings of that ship;
(q) the mortgage or hypothecation of any ship.
6. In Denmark, the expression "arrest" shall be deemed as
regards the maritime claims referred to in (5) (o) and (p) of this
Article, to include a "forbud", where that is the only procedure
allowed in respect of such a claim under Articles 646 to 653 of
the law on civil procedure (lov om rettens pleje).
7. In Iceland, the expression "arrest" shall be deemed, as
regards the maritime claims referred to in (5) (o) and (p) of this
Article, to include a (...<*>), where that is the only procedure
allowed in respect of such a claim under Chapter III of the law on
arrest and injunction (...<*>).
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TITLE VII. RELATIONSHIP TO THE BRUSSELS CONVENTION
AND TO OTHER CONVENTIONS
Article 54B
1. This Convention shall not prejudice the application by the
Member States of the European Communities of the Convention on
Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and
Commercial Matters, signed at Brussels on 27 September 1968 and of
the Protocol on interpretation of that Convention by the Court of
Justice, signed at Luxembourg on 3 June 1971, as amended by the
Conventions of Accession to the said Convention and the said
Protocol by the States acceding to the European Communities, all
of these Conventions and the Protocol being hereinafter referred
to as the "Brussels Convention".
2. However, this Convention shall in any event be applied:
(a) in matters of jurisdiction, where the defendant is
domiciled in the territory of a Contracting State which is not a
member of the European Communities, or where Articles 16 or 17 of
this Convention confer a jurisdiction on the courts of such a
Contracting State;
(b) in relation to a lis pendens or to related actions as
provided for in Articles 21 and 22, when proceedings are
instituted in a Contracting State which is not a member of the
European Communities and in a Contracting State which is a member
of the European Communities;
(c) in matters of recognition and enforcement, where either
the State of origin or the State addressed is not a member of the
European Communities.
3. In addition to the grounds provided for in Title III
recognition or enforcement may be refused if the ground of
jurisdiction on which the judgment has been based differs from
that resulting from this Convention and recognition or enforcement
is sought against a party who is domiciled in a Contracting State
which is not a member of the European Communities, unless the
judgment may other wise be recognised or enforced under any rule
of law in the State addressed.
Article 55
Subject to the provisions to the Second paragraph of Article
54 and of Article 56, this Convention shall, for the States which
are parties to it, supersede the following conventions concluded
between two or more of them:
- the Convention between the Swiss Confederation and France on
jurisdiction and enforcement of judgments in civil matters, signed
at Paris on 15 June 1869,
- the Treaty between the Swiss Confederation and Spain on the
mutual enforcement of judgments in civil or commercial matters,
signed at Madrid on 19 November 1896,
- the Convention between the Swiss Confederation and the
German Reich on the recognition and enforcement of judgments and
arbitration awards, signed at Berne on 2 November 1929,
- the Convention between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and
Sweden on the recognition and enforcement of judgments, signed at
Copenhagen on 16 March 1932,
- the Convention between the Swiss Confederation and Italy on
the recognition and enforcement of judgments, signed at Rome on
3 January 1933,
- the Convention between Sweden and the Swiss Confederation on
the recognition and enforcement of judgments and arbitral awards
signed at Stockholm on 15 January 1936,
- the Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium and Austria on
the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments and
authentic instruments relating to maintenance obligations, signed
at Vienna on 25 October 1957,
- the Convention between the Swiss Confederation and Belgium
on the recognition and enforcement of judgments and arbitration
awards, signed at Berne on 29 April 1959,
- the Convention between the Federal Republic of Germany and
Austria on the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of
judgments, settlements and authentic instruments in civil and
commercial matters, signed at Vienna on 6 June 1959,
- the Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium and Austria on
the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments, arbitral
awards and authentic instruments in civil and commercial matters,
signed at Vienna on 16 June 1959,
- the Convention between Austria and the Swiss Confederation
on the recognition and enforcement of judgments, signed at Berne
on 16 December 1960,
- the Convention between Norway and the United Kingdom
providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of
judgments in civil matters, signed at London on 12 June 1961,
- the Convention between the United Kingdom and Austria
providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of
judgments in civil and commercial matters, signed at Vienna on
14 July 1961, with amending Protocol signed at London on 6 March
1970,
- the Convention between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and
Austria on the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments
and authentic instruments in civil and commercial matters, signed
at The Hague on 6 February 1963,
- the Convention between France and Austria on the recognition
and enforcement of judgments and authentic instruments in civil
and commercial matters, signed at Vienna on 15 July 1966,
- the Convention between Luxembourg and Austria on the
recognition and enforcement of judgements and authentic
instruments in civil and commercial matters, signed at Luxembourg
on 29 July 1971,
- the Convention between Italy and Austria on the recognition
and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, of
judicial settlements and of authentic instruments, signed at Rome
on 16 November 1971,
- the Convention between Norway and the Federal Republic of
Germany on the recognition and enforcement of judgments and
enforceable documents, in civil and commercial matters, signed at
Oslo on 17 June 1977,
- the Convention between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and
Sweden on the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil
matters, signed at Copenhagen on 11 October 1977,
- the Convention between Austria and Sweden on the recognition
and enforcement of judgments in civil matters, signed at Stockholm
on 16 September 1982,
- the Convention between Austria and Spain on the recognition
and enforcement of judgments, settlements and enforceable
authentic instruments in civil and commercial matters, signed at
Vienna on 17 February 1984,
- the Convention between Norway and Austria on the recognition
and enforcement of judgments in civil matters, signed at Vienna on
21 May 1984, and
- the Convention between Finland and Austria on the
recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil matters, signed
at Vienna on 17 November 1986.
Article 56
The Treaty and the conventions referred to in Article 55 shall
continue to have effect in relation to matters to which this
Convention does not apply.
They shall continue to have effect in respect of judgments
given and documents formally drawn up or registered as authentic
instruments before the entry into force of this Convention.
Article 57
1. This Convention shall not affect any conventions to which
the Contracting States are or will be parties and which in
relation to particular matters, govern jurisdiction or the
recognition or enforcement of judgments.
2. This Convention shall not prevent a court of a Contracting
State which is party to a convention referred to in the first
paragraph from assuming jurisdiction in accordance with that
convention, even where the defendant is domiciled in a Contracting
State which is not a party to that convention. The court hearing
the action shall, in any event, apply Article 20 of this
Convention.
3. Judgments given in a Contracting State by a court in the
exercise of jurisdiction provided for in a convention referred to
in the first paragraph shall be recognized and enforced in the
other Contracting States in accordance with Title III of this
Convention.
4. In addition to the grounds provided for in Title III,
recognition or enforcement may be refused if the State addressed
is not a contracting party to a convention referred to in the
first paragraph and the person against whom recognition or
enforcement is sought is domiciled in that State, unless the
judgment may otherwise be recognised or enforced under any rule of
law in the State addressed.
5. Where a convention referred to in the first paragraph to
which both the State of origin and the State addressed are parties
lays down conditions for the recognition or enforcement of
judgments, those conditions shall apply. In any event, the
provisions of this Convention which concern the procedures for
recognition and enforcement of judgments may be applied.
Article 58
(None)
Article 59
This Convention shall not prevent a Contracting State from
assuming, in a convention on the recognition and enforcement of
judgments, an obligation towards a third State not to recognise
judgments given in other Contracting States against defendants
domiciled or habitually resident in the third State where, in
cases provided for in Article 4, the judgment could only be
founded on a ground of jurisdiction specified in the second
paragraph of Article 3.
However, a Contracting State may not assume an obligation
towards a third State not to recognise a judgment given in another
Contracting State by a court basing its jurisdiction on the
presence within that State of property belonging to the defendant,
or the seizure by the plaintiff of property situated there:
1. if the action is brought to assert or declare proprietary
or possessory rights in that property, seeks to obtain authority
to dispose of it, or arises from another issue relating to such
property, or
2. if the property constitutes the security for a debt which
is the subject-matter of the action.
TITLE VIII. FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 60
The following may be parties to this Convention:
(a) States which, at the time of the opening of this
Convention for signature, are members of the European Communities
or of the European Free Trade Association;
(b) States which, after the opening of this Convention for
signature, become members of the European Communities or of the
European Free Trade Association;
(c) States invited to accede in accordance with Article 62 (1)
(b).
Article 61
1. This Convention shall be opened for signature by the States
members of the European Communities or of the European Free Trade
Association.
2. The Convention shall be submitted for ratification by the
signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be
deposited with the Swiss Federal Council.
3. The Convention shall enter into force on the first day of
the third month following the date on which two States, of which
one is a member of the European Communities and the other a member
of the European Free Trade Association, deposit their instruments
of ratification.
4. The Convention shall take effect in relation to any other
signatory State on the first day of the third month following the
deposit of its instrument of ratification.
Article 62
1. After entering into force this Convention shall be open to
accession by:
(a) the States referred to in Article 60 (b),
(b) other States which have been invited to accede upon a
request made by one of the Contracting States to the depositary
State. The depositary State shall invite the State concerned to
accede only if, after having communicated the contents of the
communications that this State intends to make in accordance with
Article 63, it has obtained the unanimous agreement of the
signatory States and the Contracting States referred to in Article
60 (a) and (b).
2. If an acceding State wishes to furnish details for the
purposes of Protocol N 1, negotiations shall be entered into to
that end. A negotiating conference shall be convened by the Swiss
Federal Council.
3. In respect of an acceding State, the Convention shall take
effect on the first day of the third month following the deposit
of its instrument of accession.
4. However, in respect of an acceding State referred to in
paragraph 1 (a) or (b), the Convention shall take effect only in
relations between the acceding State and the Contracting States
which have not made any objections to the accession before the
first day of the third month following the deposit of the
instrument of accession.
Article 63
Each acceding State shall, when depositing its instrument of
accession, communicate the information required for the
application of Articles 3, 32, 37, 40, 41 and 55 of this
Convention and furnish, if need be, the details prescribed during
the negotiations for the purposes of Protocol N 1.
Article 64
1. This Convention is concluded for an initial period of five
years from the date of its entry into force in accordance with
Article 61 (3), even in the case of States which ratify it or
accede to it after that date.
2. At the end of the initial five-year period, the Convention
shall be automatically renewed from year to year.
3. Upon the expiry of the initial five-year period, any
Contracting State may, at any time, denounce the Convention by
sending a notification to the Swiss Federal Council.
4. The denunciation shall take effect at the end of the
calendar year following the expiry of a period of six months from
the date of receipt by the Swiss Federal Council of the
notification of denunciation.
Article 65
The following are annexed to this Convention:
- a Protocol N 1, on certain questions of jurisdiction,
procedure and enforcement,
- a Protocol N 2, on the uniform interpretation of the
Convention,
- a Protocol N 3, on the application of Article 57.
These Protocols shall form an integral part of the Convention.
Article 66
Any Contracting State may request the revision of this
Convention. To that end, the Swiss Federal Council shall issue
invitations to a revision conference within a period of six months
from the date of the request for revision.
Article 67
The Swiss Federal Council shall notify the States represented
at the Diplomatic Conference of Lugano and the States who have
later acceded to the Convention of:
(a) the deposit of each instrument of ratification or
accession,
(b) the dates of entry into force of this Convention in
respect of the Contracting States,
(c) any denunciation received pursuant to Article 64,
(d) any declaration received pursuant to Article Ia of
Protocol N 1,
(e) any declaration received pursuant to Article Ib of
Protocol N 1,
(f) any declaration received pursuant to Article IV of
Protocol N 1,
(g) any communication made pursuant to Article VI of
Protocol 1.
Article 68
This Convention, drawn up in a single original in the Danish,
Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Icelandic, Irish,
Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish languages, all
fourteen texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the
archives of the Swiss Federal Council. The Swiss Federal Council
shall transmit a certified copy to the Government of each State
represented at the Diplomatic Conference of Lugano and to the
Government of each acceding State.
PROTOCOL N 1
ON CERTAIN QUESTIONS OF JURISDICTION, PROCEDURE
AND ENFORCEMENT
The High Contracting Parties have agreed upon the following
provisions, which shall be annexed to the Convention:
Article I
Any person domiciled in Luxembourg who is sued in a court of
another Contracting State pursuant to Article 5 (1) may refuse to
submit to the jurisdiction of that court. If the defendant does
not enter an appearance the court shall declare of its own motion
that it has no jurisdiction.
An agreement conferring jurisdiction, within the meaning of
Article 17, shall be valid with respect to a person domiciled in
Luxembourg only if that person has expressly and specifically so
agreed.
Article Ia
1. Switzerland reserves the right to declare, at the time of
depositing its instrument of ratification, that a judgment given
in another Contracting State shall be neither recognised nor
enforced in Switzerland if the following conditions are met:
(a) the jurisdiction of the court which has given the judgment
is based only on Article 5 (1) of this Convention, and
(b) the defendant was domiciled in Switzerland at the time of
the introduction of the proceedings; for the purposes of this
Article, a company or other legal person is considered to be
domiciled in Switzerland if it has its registered seat and the
effective centre of activities in Switzerland, and
(c) the defendant raises an objection to the recognition or
enforcement of the judgment in Switzerland, provided that he has
not waived the benefit of the declaration foreseen under this
paragraph.
2. This reservation shall not apply to the extent that at the
time recognition or enforcement is sought a derogation has been
granted from Article 59 of the Swiss Federal Constitution. The
Swiss Government shall communicate such derogations to the
signatory States and the acceding States.
3. This reservation shall cease to have effect on 31 December
1999. It may be withdrawn at any time.
Article Ib
Any Contracting State may, by declaration made at the time of
signing or of deposit of its instrument of ratification or of
accession, reserve the right, notwithstanding the provisions of
Article 28, not to recognise and enforce judgments given in the
other Contracting States if the jurisdiction of the court of the
State of origin is based, pursuant to Article 16 (1) (b),
exclusively on the domicile of the defendant in the State of
origin, and the property is situated in the territory of the State
which entered the reservation.
Article II
Without prejudice to any more favourable provisions of
national laws, persons domiciled in a Contracting State who are
being prosecuted in the criminal courts of another Contracting
State of which they are not nationals for an offence which was not
intentionally committed may be defended by persons qualified to do
so, even if they do not appear in person.
However, the court seised of the matter may order appearance
in person; in the case of failure to appear, a judgment given in
the civil action without the person concerned having had the
opportunity to arrange for his defence need not be recognised or
enforced in the other Contracting States.
Article III
In proceedings for the issue of an order for enforcement, no
charge, duty or fee calculated by reference to the value of the
matter in issue may be levied in the State in which enforcement is
sought.
Article IV
Judicial and extrajudicial documents drawn up in one
Contracting State which have to be served on persons in another
Contracting State shall be transmitted in accordance with the
procedures laid down in the conventions and agreements concluded
between the Contracting States.
Unless the State in which service is to take place objects by
declaration to the Swiss Federal Council, such documents may also
be sent by the appropriate public officers of the State in which
the document has been drawn up directly to the appropriate public
officers of the State in which the addressee is to be found. In
this case the officer of the State of origin shall send a copy of
the document to the officer of the State applied to who is
competent to forward it to the addressee. The document shall be
forwarded in the manner specified by the law of the State applied
to. The forwarding shall be recorded by a certificate sent
directly to the officer of the State of origin.
Article V
The jurisdiction specified in Articles 6 (2) and 10 in actions
on a warranty or guarantee or in any other third party proceedings
may not be resorted to in the Federal Republic of Germany, in
Spain, in Austria and in Switzerland. Any person domiciled in
another Contracting State may be sued in the courts:
- of the Federal Republic of Germany, pursuant to Articles 68,
72, 73 and 74 of the code of civil procedure (Zivilprozessordnung)
concerning third-party notices;
- of Spain, pursuant to Article 1482 of the civil code;
- of Austria, pursuant to Article 21 of the code of civil
procedure (Zivilprozessordnung) concerning third-party notices;
- of Switzerland, pursuant to the appropriate provisions
concerning third-party notices of the cantonal codes of civil
procedure.
Judgments given in the other Contracting States by virtue of
Article 6 (2) or Article 10 shall be recognized and enforced in
the Federal Republic of Germany, in Spain, in Austria and in
Switzerland in accordance with Title III. Any effects which
judgments given in these States may have on third parties by
application of the provisions in the preceding paragraph shall
also be recognized in the other Contracting States.
Article Va
In matters relating to maintenance, the expression "court"
includes the Danish, Icelandic and Norwegian administrative
authorities.
In civil and commercial matters, the expression "court"
includes the ...<*>.
--------------------------------
<*> Национальное название не приводится.
Article Vb
In proceedings involving a dispute between the master and a
member of the crew of a sea-going ship registered in Denmark, in
Greece, in Ireland, in Iceland, in Norway, in Portugal or in
Sweden concerning remuneration or other conditions of service, a
court in a Contracting State shall establish whether the
diplomatic or consular officer responsible for the ship has been
notified of the dispute. It shall stay the proceedings so long as
he has not been notified. It shall of its own motion decline
jurisdiction if the officer, having been duly notified, has
exercised the powers accorded to him in the matter by a consular
convention, or in the absence of such a convention has, within the
time allowed, raised any objection to the exercise of such
jurisdiction.
Article Vc
(None)
Article Vd
Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the European Patent
Office under the Convention on the grant of European patents,
signed at Munich on 5 October 1973, the courts of each Contracting
State shall have exclusive jurisdiction, regardless of domicile,
in proceedings concerned with the registration or validity of any
European patent granted for that State which is not a Community
patent by virtue of the provision of Article 86 of the Convention
for the European patent for the common market, signed at
Luxembourg on 15 December 1975.
Article VI
The Contracting States shall communicate to the Swiss Federal
Council the text of any provisions of their laws which amend
either those provisions of their laws mentioned in the Convention
or the lists of courts specified in Section 2 of Title III.
PROTOCOL N 2
ON THE UNIFORM INTERPRETATION OF THE CONVENTION
Preamble
The High Contracting Parties,
Having regard to Article 65 of this Convention,
Considering the substantial link between this Convention and
the Brussels Convention,
Considering that the Court of Justice of the European
Communities by virtue of the Protocol of 3 June 1971 has
jurisdiction to give rulings on the interpretation of the
provisions of the Brussels Convention,
Being aware of the rulings delivered by the Court of Justice
of the European Communities on the interpretation of the Brussels
Convention up to the time of signature of this Convention,
Considering that the negotiations which led to the conclusion
of the Convention were based on the Brussels Convention in the
light of these rulings,
Desiring to prevent, in full deference to the independence of
the courts, divergent interpretations and to arrive at as uniform
an interpretation as possible of the provisions of the Convention,
and of these provisions and those of the Brussels Convention which
are substantially reproduced in this Convention,
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1
The courts of each Contracting State shall, when applying and
interpreting the provisions of the Convention, pay due account to
the principles laid down by any relevant decision delivered by
courts of the other Contracting States concerning provisions of
this Convention.
Article 2
1. The Contracting Parties agree to set up a system of
exchange of information concerning judgments delivered pursuant to
this Convention as well as relevant judgments under the Brussels
Convention. This system shall comprise:
- transmission to a central body by the competent authorities
of judgments delivered by courts of last instance and the Court of
Justice of the European Communities as well as judgments of
particular importance which have become final and have been
delivered pursuant to this Convention or the Brussels Convention;
- classification of these judgments by the central body
including, as far as necessary, the drawing up and publication of
translations and abstracts,
- communication by the central body of the relevant documents
to the competent national authorities of all signatories and
acceding States to the Convention and to the Commission of the
European Communities.
2. The central body is the Registrar of the Court of Justice
of the European Communities.
Article 3
1. A Standing Committee shall be set up for the purposes of
this Protocol.
2. The Committee shall be composed of representatives
appointed by each signatory and acceding State.
3. The European Communities (Commission, Court of Justice and
General Secretariat of the Council) and the European Free Trade
Association may attend the meetings as observers.
Article 4
1. At the request of a Contracting Party, the depositary of
the Convention shall convene meetings of the Committee for the
purpose of exchanging views on the functioning of the Convention
and in particular on
- the development of the case-law as communicated under the
first paragraph first indent of Article 2,
- the application of Article 57 of the Convention.
2. The Committee, in the light of these exchanges, may also
examine the appropriateness of starting on particular topics a
revision of the Convention and make recommendations.
PROTOCOL N 3
ON THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 57
The High Contracting Parties have agreed as follows:
1. For the purposes of the Convention, provisions which, in
relation to particular matters, govern jurisdiction or the
recognition or enforcement of judgments and which are or will be
contained in acts of the Institutions of the European Communities
shall be treated in the same way as the conventions referred to in
Article 57.
2. If one Contracting State is of the opinion that a provision
contained in an act of the Institutions of the European
Communities is incompatible with the Convention, the Contracting
States shall promptly consider amending the Convention pursuant to
Article 66, without prejudice to the procedure established by
Protocol N 2.
DECLARATION
BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENTS
OF THE STATES SIGNATORIES TO THE LUGANO CONVENTION
WHICH ARE MEMBERS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
ON PROTOCOL N 3 ON THE APPLICATION
OF ARTICLE 57 OF THE CONVENTION
Upon signature of the Convention on jurisdiction and the
enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters done at
Lugano on 16 September 1988,
The representatives of the governments of the member states of
the European Communities,
Taking into account the undertakings entered into vis-a-vis
the member states of the European Free Trade Association,
Anxious not to prejudice the unity of the legal system set up
by the Convention,
Declare that they will take all measures in their power to
ensure, when Community acts referred to in paragraph 1 of Protocol
N 3 on the application of Article 57 are being drawn up, respect
for the rules of jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of
judgments established by the Convention.
DECLARATION
BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENTS
OF THE STATES SIGNATORIES TO THE LUGANO CONVENTION
WHICH ARE MEMBERS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Upon signature of the Convention on jurisdiction and the
enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters done at
Lugano on 16 September 1988,
The representatives of the governments of the member states of
the European Communities
Declare that they consider as appropriate that the Court of
Justice of the European Communities, when interpreting the
Brussels Convention, pay due account to the rulings contained in
the case law of the Lugano Convention.
DECLARATION
BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENTS
OF THE STATES SIGNATORIES TO THE LUGANO CONVENTION
WHICH ARE MEMBERS OF THE EUROPEAN
FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION
Upon signature of the Convention on jurisdiction and the
enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters done at
Lugano on 16 September 1988,
The representatives of the governments of the member states of
the European Free Trade Association
Declare that they consider as appropriate that their courts,
when interpreting the Lugano Convention, pay due account to the
rulings contained in the case law of the Court of Justice of the
European Communities and of courts of the Member States of the
European Communities in respect of provisions of the Brussels
Convention which are substantially reproduced in the Lugano
Convention.
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